A hardware security module (HSM) is a physical device that provides extra security for sensitive data. This type of device is used to provision cryptographic keys for critical functions such as encryption, decryption and authentication for the use of applications, identities and databases.
These devices can be plugin cards or be embedded in other hardware, including smart cards, appliances and other external devices. They can be connected to a network server or used as a standalone device offline. They are also offered as cloud services.
Use of HSMs to keep cryptographic functions related to transactions, identities and applications separate from regular operations and to control access to those functions. HSMs are also deployed to manage transparent data encryption keys for databases and keys for storage devices such as disk or tape.
HSMs provide both logical and physical protection of these materials, including cryptographic keys, from disclosure, non-authorized use, and potential adversaries.
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